christianity _生活经验

“that”是什么意思?“that”意思是：那样,那么；那个音标：英 [ðat]美 [ðæt]that，完整释义：pron.［指已看到或听到的人或事］那，那个；［指已提到或互相明白的事情］那，那个；［指特别提起的、有特色的人或事］那，那种；〈非正式，主英〉［表赞同］就那样；［引导限定性定语从句］那det.［指已看到或听到的人或事物］那，那个；［指已提到或互相明白的东西］那，那个；［指特别提起的、有特色的人或事物］那，那种；［指对方明白、熟悉的人或事物］那，那个adv.那样，那么conj.［引导表示陈述、假设的从句］…（可能）是；〈诗／文〉［表示希望、遗憾］真希望；竟然造句：Bring it nearer so that I may see it better.拿近一些，好让我看得更清楚些。He saved up his money so that he might go abroad for his summer holiday.他把钱积蓄起来，以便暑期能出国度假。Let's get ready now so that we can leave when Father comes.我们现在就准备好，等父亲一来我们就可以走了。George often told stories that weren't true, so that no one believed him when he told ahout a deer in the school yard.乔治经常讲些不真实的故事，因此当他说校园里有只鹿时，没人相信他的话。He injured his foot,so that he was unable to play in the match.他脚扭伤了，无法出场比赛。He has done so much in so short a time that almost everyone thinks that it is a miracle.他在这么短的时间里取得了这么大的成就，几乎每个人都认为这是奇迹。He was so ill that he couldn't go to school today.他病得很厉害，今天无法上学。The generation growing up with TV spend so much of their time in front of TV that they hardly have enough time to study.伴随着电视机长大的一代人在电视机前花的时间太多，没有足够的时间用来学习。
point的意思是什么意思point的意思是得分，表明，句中作为名词和动词使用，既可以是及物动词也可以是不及物价动词。一、词汇分析point英 [pɒɪnt]美 [pɔɪnt] n. 要点；得分；标点；[机] 尖端vt. 指向；弄尖；加标点于vi. 表明；指向二、短语1、Match Point 导演伍迪 ; 迷失决胜分 ; 赛末点 ; 爱情决胜点2、critical point [物] 临界点 ; 紧要关头 ; [流] 驻点 ; 关键点3、West Point [天] 西点 ; 西点军校 ; 美国西点军校 ; 西洋糕点军校4、Focal point 谢林点 ; [光] [数] 焦点 ; 聚焦点 ; 汇点三、例句1、We disagree with every point she makes.我们不同意她提出的任何观点。2、The following account will clearly illustrate this point.以下的陈述将清楚地阐明这一看法。扩展资料point的近义词有core , main , heart , kernel , essential 。一、core英 [kɔː]美 [kɔr] n. 核心；要点；果心；[计] 磁心vt. 挖...的核1、We already have our core team in place.我们的核心队伍已经就位。2、The core subjects are English, mathematics and science.必修课程为英语、数学和科学。二、heart英 [hɑːt]美 [hɑrt] n. 心脏；感情；勇气；心形；要点vt. 鼓励；铭记vi. 结心1、Alik's words filled her heart with pride.亚历克的话让她的内心充满骄傲。2、The bullet had passed less than an inch from Andrea's heart.子弹从距安德烈亚心脏不到一英寸处穿过。
Christianity,Christianess,Christianism三个词的具体含义区别是什么？问英语老师或上网查英语词典。

基督教的起源的基本信息作者: [英] 罗伯逊出版年: 1958-6定价: 1.10元统一书号: 2002-100
世界四大宗教是那四个，分别信仰的人数是多少？众所周知，此前世界承认的只有三大宗教——佛教（公元前6世纪）为印度释迦摩尼所创。
天主（基督）教（公元元年）信奉：耶稣；出生地：伯利恒(神学)/拿撒勒(史学) 。
以及伊斯兰教（据说前身也是罗马教的传播，但其主要信奉者是圣母玛利亚）

而现在则出现第四大宗教——道教
其发展始于老子（李耳）为公元前6世纪。其主要涉及的学术除易人向善外，还涉及神鬼、法术、阵法、计谋、玄学等。

世界四大教派是什么？

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被世界承认的宗教只有三大宗教分别是：基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教。1、基督宗教基督宗教是一个一神论的宗教，指所有相信主耶稣基督为救世主的教会。虽然耶稣基督所建立的是一个合一的基督教会，但基督教在历史进程中却分化为许多派别，2013年全世界范围当中有超过一万个基督教派。主流的派别主要有天主教、基督新教、东正教三大传统教派，以及一些在信仰人数上虽不如传统教派多，但也有了相当的规模的非传统教派，如：摩门教、耶和华见证人等。2、伊斯兰教伊斯兰又称伊斯俩目，在阿拉伯语有顺从、和平和安宁之意，这是一个顺从安拉、崇尚和平、祈求安宁的宗教。伊斯兰教特有的绿色就代表着和平之意。伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一，产生于公元622年，伊斯兰教世界的国家遍布亚、非两个大洲，总体算来也有大约五十个。此外，在各大洲很多国家里都有信仰伊斯兰教的人民（穆斯林）。3、佛教佛教起源于古印度，公元前6世纪以前，距今约2500-2600多年。据经文记载，印度佛教创始人是释迦牟尼本名乔达摩·悉达多，是古代印度北部迦毗罗卫国部落王子，以净饭王为父、摩诃摩耶为母。作为王子娶妻生子之后，有一天在城中行走，于一日之中见到了生老病死：婴儿、老者、大病者和尸体，生出了修行的念头，于是四处求法、苦行、冥想，最后在菩提树下静坐七日（也有记载说49日）而大彻大悟。扩展资料基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教并称为世界三大宗教。此三种宗教之所以能成为前三大，是目前世界上仅有的三个各自被一部分国家列为国教的宗教，如基督教在欧美的一些国家、伊斯兰教在中亚、西亚和北非一些国家、佛教在东南亚一些国家分别被列为国教。三大宗教中，以基督教人数最多，伊斯兰教次之，佛教最后，虽然人数各有不同，但是各个宗教的信徒都是平等的。虽说是三大宗教，但三大宗教提倡和平共处，可以相互交流文化。慈悲，博爱，和平，是这三大宗教的真谛。同时这也是所有宗教的共同目标。参考资料：百度百科-世界三大宗教
世界四大宗教的教主叫什么名字世界4大宗教，主要是按照信徒的人数排列的。
第一大宗教，是基督宗教，教主是耶稣。
第二大宗教，是伊斯兰教，教主是穆罕默德。

第三大宗教，是印度教，教主是毗湿奴。
第四大宗教，是佛教，教主是释迦牟尼。

有许多人认为：佛教是第三大宗教，印度教第四。
但这是前几年的排列。

最近几年，由于印度人口急剧增长，印度教信徒增多，从而导致，
印度教位列第三，佛教排列第四。

世界上的四大宗教有哪些？佛教、基督教与伊斯兰教并称为世界三大宗教，此三种宗教之所以能成为前三大，是目前世界上仅有的三个各自被一部分国家列为国教的宗教，如基督教在欧美的一些国家、伊斯兰教在中东一些国家、佛教在不丹和柬埔寨分别被列为国教。佛教主要分布在亚洲，美洲万佛城，欧洲，非洲，大洋洲。基督教形成于亚洲的西部，目前主要集中分布在欧洲、美洲和大洋洲；伊斯兰教主要传播于亚洲、非洲，以西亚、北非、中亚、南亚。(来源：百度百科)

世界上说的基督教，包括了新教、天主教和东正教。
中国所说的基督教，单指新教。

四大宗教都是什么教？世界的四大宗教为佛教、基督教、天主教、伊斯兰教。
中国的四大宗教为佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、基督教。
佛教约创立于公元前6世纪的古印度。创始人名悉达多，姓乔答摩，佛徒尊称其为“释迦牟尼”（意即“释迦族的圣人”）。
道教创立的时间、地点及创始人：
东汉末年，在蜀中鹤鸣山（今四川省大邑县境内），张陵（又称张道陵）倡导五斗米道（因信徒入教必须交五斗米故名之）。后一，倡导导道教的张陵，被称为张天师，被尊为道教的创始者。
公元610年左右，穆罕默德依据阿拉伯人固有的宗教信仰，创立了伊斯兰教唐高宗永徽二年(651)大食国即阿拉伯帝国遣使朝见唐高宗，介绍了该国习俗和伊斯兰情况。自此，伊斯兰教正式传入中国。一千多年来，随着伊斯兰教的传播，我国许多地方留下了伊斯兰教建筑的古迹。我国现有十余个少数民族信奉伊斯兰教，在生活起居、饮食习惯、婚丧嫁娶等方面仍保留着浓郁的穆斯林风情。
基督教是当今世界上传播最广，信徒人数最多的宗教。公元一世纪中叶，基督教产生于地中海沿岸的巴勒斯坦，135年从犹太教中分裂出来成为独立的宗教。392年，基督教成为罗马帝国的国教，并逐渐成为中世纪欧洲封建社会的主要精神支柱。1054年，基督教分裂为罗马公教（天主教）和希腊正教（东正教）。十六世纪中叶，公教又发生了宗教改革运动，陆续派生出一些脱离罗马公教的新教派，统称"新教"，又称"抗罗宗"或"抗议宗" ，在中国称为"耶稣教" 。所以，基督教是公教、东正教和新教三大教派的总称。
基督教的创始人是耶稣(Jesus) 。耶稣是上帝耶和华之子，他出生在巴勒斯坦北部的加利利的拿撒勒，母亲名叫玛利亚，父亲叫约瑟。

河马英文怎么读hippo 。美 [ˈhɪpoʊ]n.河马。变形：复数hippos例句：（1） Look at the hippo splashing about in the river.看那只在河里溅水的河马.（2） A hippo is in or near the water most of its day.在河马的一天当中,大多是情况下是呆在水里的,要不然就是在离水很近的地方.（3） Augustine of Hippo was the most influential theologian of Latin Christianity.奥古斯丁是拉丁基督教神学最有影响.（4）Crocodile and elephant searched along the river bank and soon met hippo.鳄鱼和大象沿着河堤搜寻,很快遇到了河马.
easter bunny怎么读easter bunny 英式发音 [ˈi:stə ˈbʌni] ，美式发音 [ˈistɚ ˈbʌni] ，意思是（复活节人们用作礼物或装饰品的）复活节兔子。拓展资料1、Did the Easter bunny bring you any chocolate eggs Tina? 复活节兔子给你带巧克力蛋了吗蒂娜？2、The gifts of Easter include Easter egg and Easter bunny. 复活节的礼物有复活节彩蛋和复活节兔子。3、Would it have killed you to have just mentioned the Easter bunny at least once? 要是你只提到复活节兔子至少一次，那它会把你杀死吗？4、You know what the Easter Bunny and true love have in common? 你知道复活节的小免子和真爱的共同之处是什么吗？5、It's your turn to play the Easter Bunny this year! Happy Hopping! 今年该轮到你来装复活节小免子了！祝你快乐！6、I'm holding it for the Easter bunny. 我帮复活节兔子拿的。7、But he's the Easter bunny! 但它是复活兔！8、There's no story in the Bible about a long-eared, cotton-tailed creature known as the Easter Bunny. 圣经里没有这样一个关于长耳朵，软软尾巴复活节兔子的生物。9、The Easter Bunny has once more replaced the Christ 复活节兔子已再一次取代了基督10、It will take the Easter Bunny quite a bit of effort to carry these eggs around. 复活节的兔子要花相当多的力气才能搬起这些鸡蛋。11、Looking like some Easter Bunny nightmare experiment. 活象什么复活节兔子的恶梦实验。
early用英语怎么读early
英 ['ɜːlɪ]
美 ['ɝli]

adj. 早期的；早熟的
adv. 提早；在初期
n. (Early)人名；(英)厄尔利
更多释义>>

[网络短语]

Early 早早,早的,早日
Early Spring 早春图,早春,早春二月
early christianity 早期基督教

“河马”的英文怎么读？hippo 。美 [ˈhɪpoʊ]n.河马。变形：复数hippos例句：（1） Look at the hippo splashing about in the river.看那只在河里溅水的河马.（2） A hippo is in or near the water most of its day.在河马的一天当中,大多是情况下是呆在水里的,要不然就是在离水很近的地方.（3） Augustine of Hippo was the most influential theologian of Latin Christianity.奥古斯丁是拉丁基督教神学最有影响.（4）Crocodile and elephant searched along the river bank and soon met hippo.鳄鱼和大象沿着河堤搜寻,很快遇到了河马.
hell怎么念hell [hel]发音类似 --hi偶
n.
1. 地狱，阴间，冥府
2. 黑暗势力；邪恶
3. 魔窟，匪巢；赌窝
4. 受罪，极大的痛苦；恶境；极痛苦的经历(或事)
5. 申斥，斥责，责骂，咒骂
6. 地狱中的人
7. (裁缝放碎布的)破布篓
8. [亦作 hellbox] (印刷厂的)废铅字箱
9. [俚语]开玩笑，恶作剧
10. 恣意狂欢
11. 【基督教】 [基督教科学派用语]意识的错误；罪孽
12. [作加强语气词]究竟，到底；绝(不)
interj.
[俚语][表示惊奇、烦恼、厌恶、恼怒、失望等]见鬼，该死，混蛋
vi.
1. 过放荡生活；狂欢胡闹，花天酒地(与 around 连用)：
He was helling around when in Europe.

在欧洲期间，他一直过着花天酒地的生活。

2. (车辆)疾驰：
He saw several police cars hell to the east.

他看见有几辆警车向东面疾驰而过。

hell [hel]
n.
1. any place of pain and turmoil
the hell of battle

2. a cause of difficulty and suffering
war is hell

3. (Christianity) the abode of Satan and the forces of evil; where sinners suffer eternal punishment
4. (religion) the world of the dead
he didn't want to go to hell when he died

5. violent and excited activity
6. noisy and unrestrained mischief
以上来源于: WordNet

基督教起源哪里？基督教的诞生
基督教起源于哪里？起初，在罗马内部以及被罗马征服的各民族中，各民族都有自己所崇拜的神。但是，随着罗马帝国对各民族的征服，原有的这些“神”就越来越不能满足罗马帝国统治的需要了，因为各个民族所创造的神“都是本民族的神，这些神的天国越不出它们所守护的民族领域，在这个界线以外，就由别的神无可争辩地统治了”(恩格斯浯) 。所以，已建起一个横跨欧、亚、非大帝国的罗马急需一个为境内各民族所共同接受的“神”来顶礼膜拜。也就是说，只有一种具有“世界性”的宗教才能满足罗马帝国的思想统治的需要。初期基督教起源于公元1世纪中叶的巴勒斯坦地区。最初只是犹太民族争取民族解放斗争高潮中出现的犹太教中的一个新宗派。其时，在罗马境内，各种新宗教、新宗派层出不穷。关于“救世主”就要降临拯救人类的传说不胫而走。初期基督教之所以能流传下来，是有着多方面的原因的。巴勒斯坦地区的犹太民族从公元前63年被庞培东征沦为罗马附属国后，长期以来受着尤为惨重的压迫和剥削。巴勒斯坦沦陷当时，在耶路撒冷就有12000名犹太人被杀，大批犹太人被掳到罗马为奴。罗马统治者和巴勒斯坦的傀儡国王和祭司长疯狂地掠夺犹太人的金银财富、土地粮食。犹太人的数次起义均遭到血腥镇压，因此，犹太人更加强烈地渴望着“救世主”的降临，也就更加容易接受“基督”思想。同时，初期基督教还注意吸收当时流行的种种所谓天堂、地狱、灵魂不死等种种观念特别是东方宗教的一些仪式和思想，特别是，它还吸收了带有神秘主义色彩的希腊唯心主义哲学思想，例如关于要求人们柔顺、忍耐、弄世、禁欲等等。这些均是早期基督教得以广泛流传的一些原因。基督教，以其独特的魅力，轻轻叩开了千万人的心。
基督教起源于哪里你读过《圣经》吗？新约《圣经》第五卷《使徒行传》实质上就是基督教的教会史。耶稣将升天时对他的门徒说：【不要离开耶路撒冷（1章4节）】。【但圣灵降临在你们身上，你们就必得著能力；并要在耶路撒冷、犹太全地和撒马利亚，直到地极，作我的见证（1章8节）】。耶稣升天后，【五旬节到了，门徒都聚集在一处（2章1节）】，耶稣所应许降下的灵魂充满了他们。【那时，有虔诚的犹太人从天下各国来，住在耶路撒冷（2章5节）】。基督教的教会就从此时在耶路撒冷建立。

基督教起源于哪里？基督教发源于公元1世纪巴勒斯坦（旧称：迦南地）的耶路撒冷地区犹太人社会，并继承希伯来圣经为基督教圣经旧约全书（希腊语：Παλαι? Διαθ?κη、拉丁语：Vetus Testamentum）。

罗马的英语介绍Rome, Ital. Roma, city (1991 pop. 2,775,250), capital of Italy and see of the pope, whose residence, Vatican City, is a sovereign state within the city of Rome. Rome is also the capital of Latium, a region of central Italy, and of Rome prov. It lies on both banks of the Tiber and its affluent, the Aniene, in the Campagna di Roma, between the Apennine Mts. and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Called the Eternal City, it is one of the world's richest cities in history and art and one of its great cultural, religious, and intellectual centers.
The rise of Rome from an insignificant pastoral settlement to perhaps the world's most successful empire—supreme as a lawgiver and organizer, holding sway over virtually all the then-known world W of Persia, on which it left a permanent imprint of its material and cultural achievements—is one of the great epics of history. Whatever its fortunes throughout history, Rome has remained the symbol of European civilization. Because of the complexity of the subject matter, the following article is divided into several sections, and additional information will be found in the articles to which there are cross references. See also Roman art; Roman architecture; Latin literature; Roman religion.

The Modern City

In the past half century Rome has expanded well beyond the walls started in the 3d cent. by Emperor Aurelian, and it now extends north to the Aniene. Long sections of the ancient walls have been preserved, however, and archaeology remains an essential element of modern city-planning in Rome. Ancient marble columns and ruins rising beside modern apartments and offices, noisy boulevards, and luxurious villas and gardens characterize the modern city of Rome. As in ancient times, the larger section of Rome lies on the left bank of the Tiber, which intersects the city in three wide curves and is spanned by over 20 bridges.

Economy

As in ancient times Rome is a center of transportation. It is the focus of international traffic by road, rail, sea (at the port of Civitavecchia), and air (at Leonardo da Vinci international airport at Fiumicino) and is as well a cultural, religious, political, and commercial center of international importance. Public transportation in Rome is provided by an elaborate bus system. A subway, the Metropolitana, was opened in 1955. Rome's large number of automobiles has caused serious traffic congestion, and in the 1970s and 80s various attempts were made to deal with the problem, including the banning of traffic in certain parts of the city. The economy of Rome depends to a very large extent on the tourist trade. The city is also a center of banking, insurance, printing, publishing, and fashion. Italy's movie industry (founded in 1936) is located at nearby Cinecitta.

Landmarks and Institutions

Aside from modern residential quarters, the right-bank section of Rome contains Vatican City, including Saint Peter's Church, the Castel Sant' Angelo, and the ancient quarter of Trastevere. In describing the larger left-bank section one may use the Piazza Venezia, a central square, as a convenient point of departure. It lies at the foot of the old Capitol (see Capitoline Hill) and borders on the huge monument to King Victor Emmanuel II and on the Palazzo Venezia, a Renaissance palace from the balcony of which Mussolini used to address the crowds. A broad avenue, the Via dei Fori Imperiali, runs from the Piazza Venezia SE to the Colosseum, leaving the Emperors' Fora and at a distance the Church of St. Peter in Chains (San Pietro in Vincoli) to the left, and the Capitol and the ancient Forum to the right. From the Colosseum the Via di San Gregorio continues south past the Arch of Constantine and the Baths of Caracalla to the Appian Way. There, as in other places on the outskirts of Rome, are large catacombs. From the Piazza Venezia another modern thoroughfare, the Via del Mare, leads southwestward to the Tiber and then east past the Basilica of St. Paul's Outside the Walls (San Paolo fuori le Mure) to Ostia, Rome's ancient port now blocked by silt, to the sea at Lido di Roma.

The narrow and busy Via del Corso leads N from the Piazza Venezia past the Piazza Colonna (now the heart of Rome) to the Piazza del Popolo at the gate of the old Flaminian Way. East of the Piazza del Popolo are the Pincian Hill, commanding one of the finest views of Rome, and the famous Borghese Villa. In the widest westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Via del Corso, is the Campo Marzio quarter (anciently, Campus Martius), where most of the medieval buildings are located; there also are the Pantheon (now a church) and the parliament buildings. To the east of the Via del Corso the fashionable Via Condotti leads to the Piazza di Spagna; a flight of 132 steps ascends from that square to the Church of the Santa Trinità dei Monti and the Villa Medici. The Quirinal palace is NE of the Piazza Venezia. In the southeastern section, near the gate of San Giovanni, are the Lateran buildings.

As an educational center Rome possesses—aside from the Univ. of Rome (founded 1303)—the colleges of the church, several academies of fine arts, and the Accademia di Santa Cecilia (founded 1584), the world's oldest academy of music. The opera house is one of Europe's grandest. The various institutes of the Univ. of Rome were formerly scattered throughout the city but were transferred in 1935 to the northeastern section.

Among the countless churches of Rome there are five patriarchal basilicas—St. Peter's, St. John Lateran, St. Mary Major (Santa Maria Maggiore), St. Lawrence Outside the Walls, and St. Paul's Outside the Walls. With the exception of St. Mary Major, the basilicas and other ancient churches occupy the sites of martyrs' tombs. Characteristic of the old Roman churches are their fine mosaics (4th–12th cent.) and the use of colored marble for decoration, introduced in the 12th cent. by the workers in marble known as Cosmati. Rome's first mosque opened in 1995.

Among Rome's many palaces and villas the Farnese Palace (begun 1514) and the Farnesina (1508–11) are particularly famous; others, all dating from the 17th cent., are those of the great Roman families, the Colonna, Chigi, Torlonia, and Doria. Rome is celebrated for its beautiful Renaissance and baroque fountains, such as the ornate Fontana di Trevi (18th cent.). Its richest museums and libraries are in the Vatican. Others include the National (in the Villa Giulia), Capitoline, and Torlonia museums, notable for their antiquities; and the Borghese, Corsini, Doria, and Colonna collections of paintings.

Rome before Augustus

Ancient Rome was built on the east, or left, bank of the Tiber on elevations (now much less prominent) emerging from the marshy lowlands of the Campagna. The seven hills of the ancient city are the Palatine, roughly in the center, with the Capitoline to the northwest and the Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine in an outlying north-southwest curve. The Pincian, N of the Quirinal, is not included among the seven. In the westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Quirinal, lies the Martian Field (Campus Martius), facing the Vatican across the Tiber. On the side of the Tiber opposite the Palatine is the Janiculum, a ridge running north and south, which was fortified in early times.

Early in the first millennium B.C. the Tiber divided the Italic peoples from the Etruscans in the north and west (see Etruscan civilization). Not far to the north were the borders between the Sabines and the Latins; the Sabines were closely related to Roman life from the very beginning. The hills of Rome, free from the malaria that had been the bane of the low-lying plains of Latium, were a healthful and relatively safe place to live and a meeting ground for Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans. In the 8th cent. B.C., the fortified elevation of the Palatine was probably taken by Etruscans, who amalgamated the tiny hamlets about the Palatine into a city-state. Tradition tells of the founding of Rome by Romulus in 753 B.C. (hence the dating ab urbe condita, or AUC, i.e., from the founding of the city), and of the Tarquin family, the Etruscan royal house. It was probably Etruscan rule that civilized Rome and gave it the hegemony of Latium.

The Roman Republic

The Romans overthrew their foreign rulers c.500 B.C. and established the Roman republic, which lasted four centuries. The patrician class controlled the government, but the plebs (who comprised by far the major portion of the population) were allowed to elect the two patrician consuls, who held joint power. The vitality of the patricians was remarkable, and long after political power had been granted to the plebs, experienced patricians continued to govern Rome.

As the majority realized its power and the aristocracy continued its rule, the people demanded (and received) privilege after privilege; the greatest were the election of plebeian tribunes (see tribune) and the codification (c.450 B.C.) of the Twelve Tables. With the growth of the city, multiplication of consular duties called for new officials: quaestor, praetor, and censor. The three popular assemblies, or comitia, developed slowly, but they quietly abstracted legislative power from the patricians. The ancient senate, theoretically the supreme power of the state, became more and more powerful until in the 3d cent. B.C. it controlled the consuls completely.

Although the Roman republic was never a true democracy, historians have modified the traditional view that it was the tool of a powerful aristocracy and have acknowledged that the system had open aspects beyond the control of the ruling class. It remains true, however, that it was under senatorial administration that Rome began its march to world supremacy and that in the end the senate was crushed under the weight of the huge problems of empire.

The Subduing of Italy

In the 4th cent. B.C., Rome extended its influence over W Latium and S Etruria; during the course of that century and the next, Rome came in full contact with Greek culture, which modified Roman life tremendously. The idea of the old Roman courage and morality, however, was kept alive by such staunch conservatives as Cato the Elder. The power of the city may be inferred from the tremendous impression the sack of Rome (390 B.C.) by the Gauls made in subsequent times.

The Samnites were subdued in the wars dated conventionally 343–341 B.C., 326–304 B.C., and 298–290 B.C., and the inhabitants of Picenum, Umbria, Apulia, Lucania, and Etruria were pacified. The Roman policy in subduing Italy was that of a master toward slaves. Tarentum, besieged by the Romans, called for the aid of Pyrrhus of Epirus; he won victories at Heraclea (280 B.C.) and Asculum (279 B.C.), but after a dispute with his Italian allies he returned to Greece, leaving the Romans masters of central and S Italy.

Conquests Overseas and to the East

Rome, previously a continental power, began to look seaward in the 3d cent. B.C. Sicily, a granary of the ancient world, was an obvious goal, but Rome's rapid conquests could not continue there without meeting the like ambitions of Carthage, which ruled the W Mediterranean. The Punic Wars were thus inevitable, and in this titanic struggle the fate of Carthage and the destiny of Rome were decided. Although Carthage had the great general Hannibal, Rome fought with the resources of Italy behind it and had such leaders as Scipio Africanus Major. Rome gained from the Punic Wars dominion over Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the northern shores of Africa, indisputable hegemony in the Mediterranean, and an insatiable desire for conquest.

With Carthage humbled, the Roman republic turned its attention eastward. Philip V of Macedon was defeated after two campaigns (215–205 B.C., 200–197 B.C.), and Antiochus III of Syria was conquered at Magnesia (190 B.C.); eventually the defeat of Perseus (171–168 B.C.) made Macedonia a Roman province. Greece did not become a Roman province, but the brief opposition of the Achaean League was disposed of, and the Greeks became subject to Rome. Egypt acknowledged vassalship to the republic in 168 B.C.

Effects of Expansion

The rapid expansion of Roman dominion, however, had terrible effects at home. The provinces were governed by the senate for the benefit not of Rome but of the senatorial class; enormous wealth (by graft and by trade) flowed into the hands of the senators, who used it exclusively to their own advantage. The equites (see knight), a class of financiers, came into its own through management of imperial trade. Class dissension was rife, and in spite of agrarian laws the masses were daily more dissatisfied. The slaves in Sicily rebelled twice (c.134–132 B.C., c.104–101 B.C.), and the Gracchus brothers in a political victory tried to make the populace more powerful, but such defiance was to no avail. Massacres and incredible barbarities disposed of the slaves' restlessness, and the Gracchi were assassinated (133 and 121 B.C.).

Marius defeated Jugurtha (106 B.C.) and the Cimbri and the Teutons (101 B.C.), and he heralded a new era by definitively introducing Roman arms into Transalpine Gaul. Rome was forced by the Social War (90–88 B.C.) to extend citizenship widely in Italy, but the republic was nevertheless doomed. A slave revolt led by Spartacus was put down mercilessly. Marius, the idol of the populace, used proscription to rid himself of his foes, but Sulla, a conservative, destroyed Marius' party by the same method.

Julius Caesar

After Sulla's retirement his lieutenant Pompey emerged as a popular champion. He abolished some of Sulla's reactionary measures, suppressed Mediterranean piracy, and made himself master of Rome. His defeat of Mithradates VI brought Pontus, Syria, and Phoenicia under Roman dominion.

On Pompey's return from the East, he found an ally for his ambitions in Julius Caesar, a popular democratic leader of the best patrician blood. With Marcus Licinius Crassus to furnish the funds, Pompey and Caesar formed the First Triumvirate (60 B.C.), and Caesar departed to make himself immortal in the Gallic Wars. Within ten years Caesar and Pompey fell out; Pompey joined the senatorial party, and Caesar (as the champion of the people and of republican legality) led his devoted army against Pompey. Pharsalus was the result (48 B.C.), and Caesar was master of Rome.

He governed through the old institutions, with wisdom and vigor. His territorial additions were the most important ever made, for his conquest and organization of Gaul placed Rome in the role of civilizer of barbarians as well as ruler of the older world. The age of Caesar was a great period in Roman culture, and the cosmopolitan Roman was considered the ideal. Greek was the language of much of the empire, and Greek literature became fashionable. Even more influential was Greek thought, which served to destroy Roman religion and to open the Romans to the Eastern cults, which were enormously popular for years. Cicero, an urbane lawyer and philosopher of broad culture, was typical of the period.

At the death (44 B.C.) of Caesar, the territories ruled by Rome included Spain (except part of the northwest), Gaul, Italy, part of Illyria, Macedonia, Greece, W Asia Minor, Bithynia, Pontus, Cilicia, Syria, Cyrenaica, Numidia, and the islands of the sea, and Rome completely controlled Egypt and Palestine. The rule of Caesar marked an epoch, for it completed the destruction of the republic and laid the foundations of the empire.

The Roman Empire

Augustus and the Pax Romana

Caesar's assassination brought anarchy, out of which the Second Triumvirate emerged with the rule of Octavian (later Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus. Octavian was Caesar's nephew, ward, and heir, and his true successor. At Actium (31 B.C.) he defeated Antony and Cleopatra and made the empire one. No change was made in the government, but Octavian received from the senate the title Augustus and from the people life tribuneship; this, with the governorship of all the provinces conferred by the senate, made him the real ruler. He was called imperator [commander] and princeps [leader] and is usually considered the first Roman emperor. (For a list of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to the fall of Rome and the years they reigned, see the table entitled Rulers of the Roman Empire.)

Augustus organized provincial government and the army, rebuilt Rome, and patronized the arts and letters. His rule began a long period (200 years) of peace, called the Pax Romana. During this time the Roman Empire was the largest it would ever be; its boundaries included Armenia, middle Mesopotamia, the Arabian desert, the Red Sea, Nubia, the Sahara, the Moroccan mountain mass, the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea, Scotland, the North Sea, the Rhine, the Danube, the Black Sea, and the Caucasus. Augustus' chief additions to the empire were a strip along the North Sea W of the Elbe and part of the Danubian area.

The blessings of peace were great for the empire. The extensive system of Roman roads made transportation easier than it was again to be until the development of railroads. A postal service was developed closely tied in with the organization of the army. Commerce and industry were greatly developed, particularly by sea, over which grain ships carried food for Rome and the West from the ports of northern Africa. The Roman Empire became under Augustus one great nation. The enlarged view of the world made a great impression on Rome, where literary and artistic interests were of importance, although nearly always tending to imitation of Greece and of the East.

Augustus died A.D. 14 and was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius; his general Germanicus Caesar fought fruitlessly in Germany. Caligula, who followed, was a cruel tyrant (A.D. 37–A.D. 41); he was succeeded by Claudius I (A.D. 41–A.D. 54), who was dominated by his wives, but during his rule half of Britain was conquered (A.D. 43). In his time Thrace, Lydia, and Judaea were made Roman provinces. His stepson Nero (A.D. 54–A.D. 68) was an unparalleled tyrant. In his reign occurred the great fire of Rome (A.D. 64), attributed (probably falsely) to Nero; it burnt everything between the Caelian, the Palatine, and the Esquiline, but it was a boon to the city, for Nero moved the population to the right bank of the Tiber, then very thinly populated, and rebuilt the region with broader streets and great buildings.

At that time an entirely new element, Christianity, made itself felt in Rome. On Nero's orders a barbarous persecution took place in which many Christians died, among them St. Peter and St. Paul. Throughout the Roman Empire the Christians expanded steadily for the next centuries. Their conflict with the empire, which brought on them continual persecution, was chiefly a result of the Christian refusal to offer divine honors to the emperors. But Christianity penetrated the army and the royal household in spite of the constant danger of detection and persecution. There were many periods in the first three centuries when Christians worshiped openly, even in Rome, where the catacombs housed not only graves but also churches.

With Nero the Julio-Claudian line ended. There was a brief struggle (see Galba; Otho; Vitellius) before Vespasian (A.D. 69–A.D. 79) became emperor. Under him his son Titus destroyed Jerusalem (A.D. 70); Titus then briefly succeeded his father. After his mild, rather benign rule, his brother Domitian (A.D. 81–A.D. 96), a despot and persecutor of Christians, gained the empire. In Domitian's reign Agricola conquered Britain almost entirely. Domitian was unsuccessful in his dealings with the Daci and finally bought them off. After Nerva came Trajan (A.D. 98–A.D. 117), one of the greatest of emperors. Trajan undertook great public works, defeated the Daci and established Roman colonies there (in what is now modern

哪里有关于圣诞节的英语背景或是文化介绍？谢谢啊~圣诞节的传说：童贞女受孕上帝之子

Christmas Day-December 25-which celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ, the founder of the Christian religion, is the biggest and best-loved holiday in the Christian World.

According to the Bible, the holy book of Christians, God decided to allow his only son, Jesus Christ, to be born to a human mother and live on earth so that people could understand God better and learn to love God and each other more. "Christmas"- meaning "celebration of Christ "- honors the time when Jesus was born to a young Jewish woman Mary.

Mary was engaged to be married to Joseph, a carpenter, but before they came together, she was found to be with child. Because Joseph, her husband, was a righteous man and did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly.

But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins."

Although the exact date of the birth of Jesus nearly 2,000 years ago is not known, the calendar on the supposed date divides all time into B.C. (Before Christ )and A.D. ( a Latin phrase, Anno Domini, "in the year of our Lord.") For the first 300 years, Jesus' birthday was celebrated on different dates. Finally, in the year 354, church leaders chose December 25 as his birthday.

参考译文（来自互联网）

12月25日的圣诞节是庆祝基督教创始人耶稣基督生日的日子，是基督教世界最大的、人们最喜爱的节日。

据基督教徒的圣书《圣经》说，上帝决定让他的独生子耶稣基督投生人间，找个母亲，然后就在人间生活，以便人们能更好地了解上帝、学习热爱上帝和更好地相互热爱。“圣诞节”的意思是“庆祝基督”，庆祝一个年轻的犹太妇女玛丽娅生下耶稣的时刻。

玛丽娅已和木匠约瑟夫订婚。可是，在他们同居之前，约瑟夫发现玛丽娅已怀孕。因为约瑟夫是个正派的人，又不想把这件事说出去让她丢脸，所以他想悄悄地和她分手。

他正在考虑这事时，上帝的天使出现在他的梦中，对他说，“不要嘀咕了，把玛丽娅娶回家。她怀的孩子来自圣灵。她将生下个男孩子，你们给孩子起名叫耶稣，因为他将从罪恶中拯救人们。”

尽管耶稣的确切生日并不清楚，大约是在2000年前，但是日历按着假定日期把时间分为公元前（耶稣基督诞生前）和公元后（A.D. 是拉丁文缩写，意思是“有了我们主--耶稣的年代”）。在公元后的头三百年间，耶稣的生日是在不同的日子庆祝的。最后，在公元354年，教堂的领导人把12月25日定为耶稣基督的生日。

The History of Christmas

The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.
Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian celebration of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god - Marduk. Each year as winter arrived it was believed that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year. This was Zagmuk, the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.

The Mesopotamian king would return to the temple of Marduk and swear his faithfulness to the god. The traditions called for the king to die at the end of the year and to return with Marduk to battle at his side.

To spare their king, the Mesopotamians used the idea of a "mock" king. A criminal was chosen and dressed in royal clothes. He was given all the respect and privileges of a real king. At the end of the celebration the "mock" king was stripped of the royal clothes and slain, sparing the life of the real king.

The Persians and the Babylonians celebrated a similar festival called the Sacaea. Part of that celebration included the exchanging of places, the slaves would become the masters and the masters were to obey.

Early Europeans believed in evil spirits, witches, ghosts and trolls. As the Winter Solstice approached, with its long cold nights and short days, many people feared the sun would not return. Special rituals and celebrations were held to welcome back the sun.

In Scandinavia during the winter months the sun would disappear for many days. After thirty-five days scouts would be sent to the mountain tops to look for the return of the sun. When the first light was seen the scouts would return with the good news. A great festival would be held, called the Yuletide, and a special feast would be served around a fire burning with the Yule log. Great bonfires would also be lit to celebrate the return of the sun. In some areas people would tie apples to branches of trees to remind themselves that spring and summer would return.

The ancient Greeks held a festival similar to that of the Zagmuk/Sacaea festivals to assist their god Kronos who would battle the god Zeus and his Titans.

The Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries of "Jo Saturnalia!" the celebration would include masquerades in the streets, big festive meals, visiting friends, and the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky fruits).

The Romans decked their halls with garlands of laurel and green trees lit with candles. Again the masters and slaves would exchange places.

"Jo Saturnalia!" was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the Christians though it an abomination to honor the pagan god. The early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan Saturnalia.

But as Christianity spread they were alarmed by the continuing celebration of pagan customs and Saturnalia among their converts. At first the Church forbid this kind of celebration. But it was to no avail. Eventually it was decided that the celebration would be tamed and made into a celebration fit for the Christian Son of God.

Some legends claim that the Christian "Christmas" celebration was invented to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism was one of Christianity's main rivals at that time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights, and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of Christmas.

The exact day of the Christ child's birth has never been pinpointed. Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD. In 137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast. In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose December 25th as the observance of Christmas.

参考：
圣诞节来历：
每年12月25日是全世界大多数基督徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子。

教会开始并无圣诞节，约在耶稣升天后百余年内才有。据说：第一个圣诞节是在公元138年，由罗马主教圣克里门倡议举行。而教会史载第一个圣诞节则在公元336年。由于圣经未明记耶稣生于何时，故各地圣诞节日期各异。直到公元440年，才由罗马教廷定12月25日为圣诞节。公元1607年，世界各地教会领袖在伯利恒聚会，进一步予以确定，从此世界大多数的基督徒均以12月25日为圣诞节。其实哪一天并不要紧，重要的是应该知道它是为纪念救主耶稣降生。

由于圣经记载耶稣生于夜间，故传统称12月24日夜为"圣诞夜"或"平安夜" 。

耶稣的降生，有旧约先知预言："必有童女怀孕生子，给他起名叫以马内利（意思为'上帝与我们同在'）。"（以赛亚书7章14节，圣经下同）

耶稣降生时，有天使报信："不要惧怕，我给你们大喜的信息，是关乎万民的；因今天在大卫的城里，为你们生了救主，就是主基督。你们要看见一个婴孩，包着布，卧在马槽里，那就是记号了。"（路加福音2章10-12节）

耶稣降生时，有博士朝拜，"他们看见那星就大大地欢喜。进了房子，看见小孩子和他母亲马利亚，就俯伏拜那小孩子，揭开宝盒，手拿黄金、乳香、没药为礼物献给他。"（马太福音2章10-11节）

耶稣，意指"上帝拯救"，因为圣经说："世人都犯了罪，亏缺了上帝的荣耀。"（罗马书3章23节）罪使人离开生命的源头，宇宙万物的主宰。罪使人失去公义、仁爱，变得自私、骄傲、贪婪、邪恶。罪破坏人与上帝、人与人之间和睦的关系，使人活在无可奈何的痛苦之中。罪使人将来要面对永远的刑罚和痛苦，"人人都有一死，死后且有审判。"（希伯来书9章27节）因为上帝是圣洁、公义的！

但是，上帝又是慈爱的主，他赐给世人自己的独生子--耶稣基督，成为人的样式（就是圣诞），作我们的救赎主，他要将自己的百姓从罪恶里救出来。（马太福音1章21节）他代替了我们的软弱，担当了我们的罪的刑罚。"上帝使我们众人的罪孽都归到他身上"，（以赛亚书53章6节）为我们的罪钉死在十字架上。

今天，只要你悔改自己的罪，相信他，接受他做你个人的救主，你的罪就被赦免了，你与上帝就恢复了那起初和睦的关系，你就得了永远的生命。今天你接受耶稣在你的心里，今天就是你的圣诞节，愿上帝今年赐给你一个特别的圣诞节！

各国圣诞节习俗：

法国法国中部的色日尔斯地方，每年圣诞节前后几天必降大雪，白雪皑皑，令人清新。在西方人眼里，白色圣诞是一种吉祥。在法国，马槽是最富有特色的圣诞标志，因为相传耶稣是诞生在马槽旁的。人们大唱颂赞耶稣的圣诞歌之后，必须开怀畅饮，香槟和白兰地是法国传统的圣诞美酒。

芬兰芬兰在12月圣诞节前后，漫山遍野都是怒放的紫罗兰，掩映在白色的大地上，望去一片紫红色，紫色圣诞使人心旷神怡。

英国和德国英国人和德国人一样，圣诞节喝啤酒，吃烤鹅，他们更喜欢利用圣诞节假日外出旅游。

美国美国人过圣诞节着重家庭布置，安置圣诞树，在袜子中塞满礼物，吃以火鸡为主的圣诞大菜，举行家庭舞会。

瑞士瑞士人在圣诞节前4个星期，就将4支巨型的蜡烛点燃，放在由树枝装饰成的一个环里，每周点1支，当点燃第4支后，圣诞节就到了。

丹麦丹麦人对不合意的圣诞礼物，可去商店兑换价格相似的其他商品。

澳大利亚澳大利亚是南半球的国家之一。12月底，正当西欧各国在寒风呼啸中欢度圣诞节时，澳大利亚正是热不可耐的仲夏时节。因此在澳大利亚过圣诞节，到处可以看见光着上身汗水涔涔的小伙子和穿超短裙的姑娘，与商店橱窗里精心布置的冬日雪景、挂满雪花的圣诞树和穿红棉袄的圣诞老人，构成澳大利亚特有的节日图景。这种酷暑和严冬景象的强烈对比，恐怕在西方国家是独一无二的。父母给子女最好的圣诞礼物，莫过于一副小水划。圣诞节弄潮是澳大利亚的一大特征。节日晚上，带着饮料到森林里举行“巴别居”野餐。人们用石头垒的露天灶中用枯树枝生火、上面架一块铁板，把香肠、牛肉、鲜鱼等放上去煎。吃饱喝足后，就跳起“迪斯科”或“袋鼠舞”，一直闹到深夜才结束。喝醉了的，便往草地上一躺，在如雷的鼾声中迎接圣诞老人的莅临。

波兰在波兰每年12月25日、26日举行，家家户户都要装饰圣诞树，大街小巷都有圣诞树上的装饰品出卖。节日里亲友之间相互祝贺，互赠礼品，表示友好。晚间吃饭时桌布下边要放一些草，以示耶稣的降生。晚饭很丰富，但不能吃肉。夜间12时后，全家去教堂礼拜。圣诞节期间，一般不到别人家中做客，但主人盛情邀请者例外。

保加利亚据保加利亚的历法，圣诞节是灵魂出没、妖邪猖狂的日子。因此，人们要借助火来驱妖镇邪。圣诞节前夜，家家都燃起火堆，一直燃到天亮，不得熄灭，否则会招来横祸。由男人取圣诞木点火进屋并高声念道：“圣诞节降临，牛、羊、猪、马长满圈，麦苗出满垅，人人走好运。”在屋里等候的人则齐声回答：“阿门！”

关于catholic和christian有什么不同吗

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catholic和christian的主要区别是：1、作形容词时：catholic：包罗万象的；广泛的普遍的；包容一切的。例句：This year's entries demonstrate a catholic approach to design.翻译：今年的参赛作品展示出多式多样的设计方法。christian：没有形容词的含义。2、作动词时：catholic：没有动词含义。christian：使成为基督徒；为…洗礼。例句：Make him a Christian.翻译：使他成为基督徒。扩展资料近义词：1、liberal英 ['lɪb(ə)r(ə)l] 美 ['lɪbərəl] n. 自由主义者；自由党党员。adj. 开明的；自由的；慷慨的；不拘泥的。例句：Their policy towards the country is to encourage a more liberal political regime there.翻译：他们对待该国的政策是鼓励建立一个更加自由的政治体制。2、Christian英 [ˈkrɪstʃən] 美 ['krɪstʃən] n. 基督徒，信徒。adj. 基督教的；信基督教的。例句：He mooched ideas from various Christian, Buddhist, and Zoroastrian sects.翻译：他从基督教、佛教和索罗亚斯德教的不同教派窃取观点。参考资料来源：百度翻译—liberal参考资料来源：百度翻译—Christian参考资料来源：百度翻译—christian参考资料来源：百度翻译—catholic
Catholic与Protestant有什么区别

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Catholic与Protestant的区别：1、两者在含义上不同：Catholic是指天主教；天主教亦称公教、罗马公教、罗马天主教。在全世界大多数国家，新教、东正教、天主教统称基督教。在中国，基督教一般只指新教，不包括东正教和天主教。Protestant是新教徒，是指宗教改革后的加尔文教，路德教的教徒。2、两者在分枝上不同：从教会历史看，原本是合一的教会，在历史中有二次大分裂：公元1054年，合一的教会分成二个教会：东方教会和西方教会。为辨别这两个公教会，一般称希腊教会为东正教(ORTHODOX)，称罗马公教会为 ( CATHOLIC 中译：天主教 ) 。路德教派 (信义宗)、慈运理派、圣公会和长老会称作为新教；3、两者在行政组织上不同：天主教注重从上治下的圣统制，以教宗治理普世教会。以教区主教治理地方教会。新教以信徒和地方教会为主体，由信徒选出的「长老团」，集体治理其地方教会。新教是于公元十六世纪初叶自天主教分裂出去的教派。最初的新教教派有三支：一是路德教派，路德原是德国天主教奥斯定修会的一位神父，他曲解教义，主张人只靠信德即可成义得救，不需行任何善工。参考资料：新教-百度百科参考资料：天主教-百度百科
耶稣和基督教什么关系耶稣其实是犹太人，基督教其实就是犹太教？看完惊呆
用英语简洁介绍下有关：christianity catholicThe Christian churches include the Roman Catholic churches and the Orthodox churches and the Protestant churches. All Christian churches believe in God the Holy Father and the Holy Son Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit,because God created the heavens and the earth and the all thing and the human beings in the beginning.And the Christian churches believe people can only be saved and be justified by their faith in Jesus Christ because Jesus Christ died on the Cross for our sins.Christians read the Bible and go to churches on Sunday.Christmas was the birthday of Jesus and the Good Friday was the death day of Jesus and the Easter was the resurrection day of Jesus.
The head of the Roman Catholic churches is the Pope who lives in Vantican City,and head of the Orthodox churches lives in Moscow.The founder of the Protestant churches was Martin Luther who was a German priest.Christian churches are developing fastly in China now.

中国五大教分别分为哪几个？

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【christianity】1.道教是中国本土宗教，以“道”为最高信仰。道教在中国古代鬼神崇拜观念上，以黄、老道家思想为理论根据，承袭战国以来的神仙方术衍化形成。东汉末年出现大量道教组织，著名的有太平道、五斗米道。祖天师张道陵正式创立教团组织，距今已有1800年历史。道教为多神崇拜，尊奉的神仙是将道教对“道”之信仰人格化体现。道士是道教的神职人员，全国现有住观道士3万余人。宫观是道教徒活动的场所，全国现登记开放的宫观有2千余座。2.伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。中国旧称大食法、大食教、天方教、清真教、回回教、回教、回回教门等。截止到2009年底，世界人口约68亿人口中，穆斯林总人数是15.7亿，分布在204个国家和地区，占全世界的23% 。3.基督教是对奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称，亦称基督宗教。公元1世纪，发源于罗马的巴勒斯坦?。ń袢盏囊陨小屠账固购驮嫉┑厍?。它建立的根基是耶稣基督的诞生、传道、死亡与复活。基督教主要包括：天主教、新教、东正教三大教派和其他一些较小教派。在中国，因为历史翻译的原因，通常把新教称为基督教，为了说明“基督教”的确切概念，本词条称“新教”为“基督新教”，而不是惯称的“基督教” 。4.儒教，跟佛教、道教并称为三教，以“儒家思想”为最高信仰。尊孔子为先师，后人为了与崇尚黄老列庄等道家思想的道教区分，从南北朝开始叫做“儒教”又被称作“圣教”，故孔子亦被尊为儒教圣教主。凡是生活在中国这块古老土地上的各民族，包括汉族以外的少数民族，如北方的辽、金、元，西夏及清，历代王朝都以儒教为国教，儒教拥戴神权，认为皇权至上。5.佛教距今已有两千五百多年，是由古印度迦毗罗卫国（今尼泊尔境内）王子乔达摩·悉达多所创（参考佛诞）。西方国家普遍认为佛教起源于印度，而印度事实上也在努力塑造“佛教圣地”形象。扩展资料：中国宗教是指中国目前的宗教格局及相关文化。我国是一个多宗教的国家。到新中国成立前，逐步形成了以道教、佛教、伊斯兰教、天主教、基督教（新教）、儒教等六大宗教为主体，兼有少数其他宗教和多种民间信仰的基本格局。中国各宗教团体自主地办理教务，并根据需要开办宗教院校，印刷发行宗教经典，出版宗教刊物，兴办社会公益服务事业。参考资料百度百科-中国宗教